# Substrate-independent minds are minds that can operate on a range of different processing… by Randal A. Koene > "Substrate-independent minds are minds that can operate on a range of different processing platforms." > **— Randal A. Koene**, *Substrate-independent minds talks and writings, wording candidate* Verification Status: Unverified — exact wording/source has not yet been independently confirmed against a primary source; source clue: Substrate-independent minds talks and writings, wording candidate.