# Big Bang The cosmological model describing the universe's origin from an extremely hot, dense state approximately 13.8 billion years ago. The Big Bang theory was confirmed by the accidental discovery of [[wiki/Cosmic Microwave Background|cosmic microwave background radiation]] by [[wiki/Arno Penzias|Arno Penzias]] and Robert Wilson at [[wiki/Bell Labs|Bell Labs]] in 1964. Referenced in [[articles/Bell Labs and the Distributed Architecture of American Power|Bell Labs and the Distributed Architecture of American Power]]. ## Simple Reminders, Quotations, and Thoughts <!-- BEGIN MARTIN REES MASTER REMINDERS 2026-10-05 --> > “We still don’t know what banged and why it banged.” > **— Martin Rees**, *Is this our final century?, TED, 2005* [[reminders/Cosmic Perspective/We Still Do Not Know What Caused the Big Bang by Martin Rees|We Still Do Not Know What Caused the Big Bang by Martin Rees]] > “There is plainly unfinished business in cosmology. Einstein’s theory treats space and time as smooth and continuous. We know, however, that no material can be chopped into arbitrarily small pieces: eventually, you get down to discrete atoms. Likewise, space itself has a grainy and quantised structure—but on a scale a trillion trillion times smaller. We lack a unified understanding of the bedrock of the physical world.” > **— Martin Rees**, *2014: What Scientific Idea Is Ready for Retirement?, Edge, 2014* [[reminders/Cosmic Perspective/Space-Time May Have a Grain We Cannot Yet Explain by Martin Rees|Space-Time May Have a Grain We Cannot Yet Explain by Martin Rees]] > “It now seems an attractive idea that our Big Bang is just one of many: just as our Earth is a planet that happens to have the right conditions for life among the many planets that exist, so our universe, and our Big Bang, is the one out of many which happens to allow life to emerge, to allow complexity.” > **— Martin Rees**, *In the Matrix, Edge, 2003* [[reminders/Cosmic Perspective/Our Big Bang May Be One of Many by Martin Rees|Our Big Bang May Be One of Many by Martin Rees]] <!-- END MARTIN REES MASTER REMINDERS 2026-10-05 -->