# Charles Ofria > **Machine-Evolution Nexus:** [[articles/Digital Darwinism and the Invisible World of Machine Evolution|Digital Darwinism and the Invisible World of Machine Evolution]] places this node within the history and governance of substrate-independent evolution. **Domain:** Computer Science / Digital Evolution **Doc Type:** Canonical Wiki Node **Maturity:** Developed ## Definition Charles Ofria is a computer scientist and co-developer of Avida whose research examines digital organisms, evolution and evolvable computation. ## Nexus Context He helped build the platform used to study the evolutionary origin of complex features and the design of evolvable instruction languages. ## Evidence Boundary Platform authorship does not mean authors directly specified the evolutionary strategies later observed within populations. ## Relationships [[wiki/Avida|Avida]], [[wiki/Christoph Adami|Christoph Adami]], [[wiki/Richard Lenski|Richard Lenski]], [[wiki/Digital Organism|Digital Organism]] ## Sources / Provenance - Lenski et al., _Nature_ 423 (2003); Michigan State digital-evolution records.