# Closed-Loop Neuromodulation **Domain:** Neural Interfaces / Neuroengineering / Clinical Neuroscience **Function:** Senses neural or behavioral state and adjusts stimulation in response to measured conditions. Closed-loop neuromodulation joins sensing, state estimation, decision logic, and intervention into a feedback system. Unlike a fixed stimulation schedule, it can alter treatment according to detected biomarkers or modeled changes in a patient's condition. The architecture is cybernetic: observe, infer, act, observe again. Its value is precision and adaptability. Its risk is that the system may silently convert an uncertain interpretation into a physical intervention. The quality of the loop therefore depends on validated biomarkers, explicit goals, meaningful consent, clinician accountability, security, reversibility, and an auditable distinction between observation and control. DARPA's [[wiki/SUBNETS|SUBNETS]] program and later adaptive deep-brain-stimulation research demonstrate the technical lineage. [[wiki/Westworld S3E6 — The Model Beneath the Model|Westworld S3E6]] supplies the constitutional question: when a system can read a person and alter the conditions under which that person experiences the self, who has write permission? ## Related [[wiki/Neural Interfaces and Continuity Architecture|Neural Interfaces and Continuity Architecture]] · [[wiki/Brain-Computer Interfaces|Brain-Computer Interfaces]] · [[wiki/Computational Psychiatry|Computational Psychiatry]] · [[wiki/Ownership of Mind|Ownership of Mind]] · [[wiki/Cognitive Liberty|Cognitive Liberty]]