# Epistemic Noise Epistemic noise is information disorder that makes warranted belief and coordinated judgment more difficult. It can arise from contradiction, overload, fabricated evidence, source impersonation, decontextualized fragments, rapid repetition, or the deliberate production of mutually incompatible claims. An operation need not persuade a population of one story if it can exhaust attention, erode trust, and make every account appear equally uncertain. Defenses include provenance, source comparison, slower verification, transparent correction, and institutions that distinguish confidence from certainty. Related: [[wiki/Epistemological Attack|Epistemological Attack]], [[wiki/Cognitive Security|Cognitive Security]], [[wiki/Provenance|Provenance]], [[wiki/Institutional Trust|Institutional Trust]].