# Observational Modeling versus Individualized State Action **Entity class:** Legal-analytic boundary **Observational modeling versus individualized state action** separates measuring, modeling, correlating, or estimating a population phenomenon from searching, restraining, punishing, compelling, or targeting a particular Person. The first operates through scientific abstractions; the second requires the authority, evidence, process, and remedies applicable to action against a rights-bearing legal subject. ## Relationships [[wiki/Human as Organism and Person|Human as Organism and Person]] · [[wiki/Authorized Use|Authorized Use]] · [[wiki/Due Process|Due Process]] · [[wiki/Counterterrorism Collection - Public Health and Violence Prevention|Public Health and Violence Prevention]] ## Sources - [HHS — Disclosures for Public Health Activities](https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/privacy/guidance/disclosures-public-health-activities/index.html) **As of:** 2026-09-23