# PARAM **Entity class:** Supercomputer family **Domain:** High-performance computing / technological sovereignty **Doc Type:** Developed Technology Node **Maturity:** Developed ## Definition **PARAM** is an Indian supercomputer family initiated by the [[wiki/C-DAC|Centre for Development of Advanced Computing]]. PARAM 8000 was delivered in 1991 after the United States declined to license a Cray X-MP to India over nuclear and missile proliferation concerns. ## Evidence Ledger - **Established:** The Cray denial preceded the creation of C-DAC and PARAM 8000. - **Established:** PARAM provided an indigenous high-performance-computing platform. - **Strongly indicated:** Technology denial accelerated Indian state investment in sovereign computing capacity. - **Unresolved:** The relative influence of the denial compared with India's preexisting computing plans; cabinet records and program planning files would settle the balance. ## Sources / Provenance - [[articles/A History of Machine Intelligence|A History of Machine Intelligence]]. - [C-DAC, organizational and PARAM program history](https://www.cdac.in/index.aspx?id=about). ## Relationships - **Developed by:** [[wiki/C-DAC|C-DAC]]. - **Case within:** [[wiki/Denial Wars|Denial Wars]]. - **Demonstrates:** [[wiki/Technological Sovereignty|Technological Sovereignty]] through substitution.