# Richard Lenski > **Machine-Evolution Nexus:** [[articles/Digital Darwinism and the Invisible World of Machine Evolution|Digital Darwinism and the Invisible World of Machine Evolution]] places this node within the history and governance of substrate-independent evolution. **Domain:** Evolutionary Biology / Experimental Evolution **Doc Type:** Canonical Wiki Node **Maturity:** Developed ## Definition Richard E. Lenski is an evolutionary biologist known for long-term experimental evolution and for collaboration on Avida studies. ## Nexus Context His participation joined biological experimental rigor with fully logged digital lineages in the 2003 study of complex feature evolution. ## Evidence Boundary Digital experiments test abstract evolutionary principles under model rules; they complement rather than replace organismal experiments. ## Relationships [[wiki/Avida|Avida]], [[wiki/Evolutionary Biology|Evolutionary Biology]], [[wiki/Genomic Complexity|Genomic Complexity]], [[wiki/Adaptive Radiation|Adaptive Radiation]] ## Sources / Provenance - Lenski et al., _Nature_ 423 (2003); Michigan State records.